The Digital Ruble: Between Technological Breakthrough and Legal Uncertainty

Abstract

Introduction: This study addresses a fundamental problem hindering the implementation of the digital ruble: the contradiction between the technological potential of this new form of currency, and the unpreparedness of the existing legal system for its adequate regulation. Methods: A systematic analysis of legal norms and their conflicts has been employed as the methodological foundation of the research. This approach enabled the author to identify and classify the discrepancies between the innovative nature of the digital asset and traditional civil and financial constructs. Results: The research findings reveal systemic gaps and uncertainties within the current legislation. The lack of clear legal classification for the digital ruble has been established, generating the legal risks in the areas of collateral, accounting, credit-deposit operations, and the application of smart contracts. The key issues identified involve the monopolization of infrastructure, the privacy paradox, i.e., the contradiction between declared confidentiality and the potential for total control, user rights vulnerabilities, including force majeure risks, and the gaps in the classification of theft in criminal law. At the international level, the author identifies the risks of legal non-recognition and sanctions hindering cross-border use. Conclusion: The practical significance of this research consists in the comprehensive structuring of the most pressing legal challenges associated with the digital ruble. The conclusions drawn can serve as a systematic basis for the targeted legislative efforts to create a balanced and effective legal framework for Central Bank digital currency.